Copa Centroamericana- Proud Belizean.

Belize Vs Honduras

Honduras v Belize UNCAF (The Unión Centroamericana de Fútbol)  Cup 2013 Semi Final Football Match will be held Tonight 25th -01- 2013 at San Jose, Costa Rica.
The Copa Centroamericana is an event that takes place every two years of association football tournament, held for the CONCACAF (The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football ) national teams of Central America: Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Panama.

      Honduras got two draws in their match with El Salvador and Panama and they qualify to semi-final matches in UNCAF Nations cup. I don't know much of football but in their game they didn't play very good, for those two draws they became Group B leader.
Belize on the other hand, of Group A had a battle to win when defeating Nicaragua with a score of 2-1. Many forecast a sure win for Belize at the end of 90 min.

       I was happy to see Belize and even hear the name Belize on television, I felt proud and joy to be a Belizean, as I watch the game I heard my neighbours screaming with joy at the end of the game. That night i felt so happy and I posted on facebook my Joy, soon to find out that hundreds of my friends were posting about the game, excitement fill the mind. I was proud to be a Belizean. If Belize wins it will be history and the streets will be filled with people, going out to celebrate the victory, with music and dance. what we would call Belizean style, If their is something belizean know to do it to Party. Especially If its an international event.
Let hope for the best, our team needs our support.

How Your body works Part 3

The circulatory system in humans

        This system consists mainly of: the heart, blood and blood vessel.

Circulatory System, or cardiovascular system, in humans, is the combined function of the heart, blood, and blood vessels to transport oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues throughout the body and carry away waste products. Among its vital functions, the circulatory system increases the flow of blood to meet increased energy demands during exercise and regulates body temperature. In addition, when foreign substances or organisms invade the body, the circulatory system swiftly conveys disease-fighting elements of the immune system, such as white blood cells and antibodies, to regions under attack. Also, in the case of injury or  bleeding, the circulatory system sends clotting cells and proteins to the affected site, which quickly stop bleeding and promote healing.

Blood vessel

The blood vessels are tubes through which the blood travels around the body. There are three types of blood vessels, the artery, the vein and capillary.

1. Artery: transport blood away from the heart. Blood leaving the heart is at high pressure so arteries have thick muscular and elastic walls to stop them bursting. The muscles in the walls stretch when the blood rushes into the artery from the heart.
2. Capillary: The capillaries have walls that are one cell thick. Blood flow through them needs to be constant and even as they are easily damaged. The very thin walls allow for the rapid exchange of materials between blood and the cells of the body. There are so many capillaries that they can close to every cell in the body. The capillaries join up to form larger and larger blood vessels which eventually becomes veins.

3.      Vein: Veins are wider tubes than arteries with thin walls that contain less muscle and elastic fibres. Body muscles that surround the veins squeeze them when they contract, such as the muscles in the leg when we walk. This help to push the blood along the vein. However, to make sure the blood only moves towards the heart, there are ‘one way’ valves along the walls of the veins.

All the blood vessels of the human body have a total length of 100,000 km (62,000 mi): they could encompass the Earth by 2.5 times.

The blood

• The blood consists of pale yellow liquid called plasma and cells (RBC and WBC).
• 55% blood Plasma
• 45%blood cells
• The plasma is about 90% water and 10% digested food (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol) , hormone, dissolve gasses O₂, mineral salts , vitamins, CO₂ (as bicarbonate ions)  and nitrogenous waste

There are  2 main types of blood cells

1)      Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - contain haemoglobin a red pigment containing iron, this is important for oxygen transportation in the blood. These cells have biconcave disc and have no nucleus .RBC are made in the bone marrow, the life span is up to 120 days then they are destroyed in the liver.

2)      White blood cells (leukocytes) - these are larger than RBC, contain a nucleus, don’t contain haemoglobin and are in smaller amount for every WBC there are 300 RBC. The main function is to defend the body against invading substance or organism.

Phagocytes –these engulf invading and digested organism inside of them (phagocytosis)

lymphocytes – these have antigen on the surface when and antigen is not recognize then they produce antibodies to destroy that substance or make them less harmful

Platelets – these are fragments used for blood to clot.

Blood types

Antigen -A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody

Antibodies- any of various proteins produced in the blood in response to the presence of an antigen.

	Donor’s blood type
Recipient’s blood type	A Antigen A	B Antigen B	AB Antigen  A and B	O No antigens
A antibody A anti-A	√	x	x	√
B anti- B	x	x	x	√
AB No antibodies	√	√	√	√
O antibody A and B	x	x	x	√

The “X” denotes cannot match and “√” denote proper matching of blood groups.  The person with O blood can donate blood to anyone therefore called universal donor this is because antibodies in the recipient’s blood have no antigens in the donor blood to react with. However person with AB blood type can receive blood from people with any blood group therefore called universal recipient s b/c they do not contain any antibody to react with antigen of the other blood type. 

The heart

The heart is divided into two parts the right and left sides made up of myocardium or cardiac muscles; this is separated by a layer of muscle called the septum.

The heart has four chambers:

The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle.

The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs, where it is loaded with oxygen.

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

The left ventricle (the strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create our blood pressure.

§  Cardiac Muscles—Contracts without fatigue

• Valve tendons—supports valves
• Tricuspid/bicuspid—prevents back flowing of blood
• Pulmonary Artery—carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
• Pulmonary vein—returns oxygenated blood from the lungs.
• Aorta—Carries oxygenated blood from the heart

How Your body works Part 2

The Respiratory system

 

Respiration ≠ breathing

 

Respiration- The breaking down of food with the use of oxygen

Breathing - is the taking in of oxygen by the nose and mouth into the lungs

      The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood.

Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx (where speech sounds are produced) and the trachea which is a tube that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial (bronchioles) tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adults' lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries.

Inhale and exhale air

The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood (oxygenated). Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood (deoxygenated) from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale.

The air we breathe in is a mixture of gases. The main gases found in the air are nitrogen (78%), oxygen(21% ), and nobles gases (about 1%), Carbon dioxide (0.03%)

When air from the atmosphere is taken into out lungs, we absorb the oxygen need by the body and get rid of waste carbon dioxide. We lose water vapour from the water  that lines the surface of the lungs

Gases	% in inhaled air	% in exhaled air
Oxygen	21	16
Carbon dioxide	0.03	4
nitrogen	78	78
Nobles gases	About 1	About 1
Water vapour	A little	A lot
heat	Room temp.	Body temp.

 The structure of the alveoli and gaseous exchange

 The alveoli are little sacs that are bunched together like grapes. They are covered with a network of blood capillaries. The blood entering the capillaries are coming from the body (deoxygenated blood) has high concentration of CO₂. Oxygen is in higher concentration inside the alveoli than in the blood, so it diffuses into the blood. CO₂ then diffuses out of the blood into alveoli. This air is exhaled and replace with fresh air when we inhale, to maintain the concentration gradients of the gases across the lung surface.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTMYSGXhJ4E 

Structures and functions of the respiratory system

Mouth, nose & nasal cavity: The function of this part of the system is to warm, filter and moisten the incoming air

Pharynx: Here the throat divides into the trachea (wind pipe) and oesophagus (food pipe). There is also a small flap of cartilage called the epiglottis which prevents food from entering the trachea

Larynx: This is also known as the voice box as it is where sound is generated. It also helps protect the trachea by producing a strong cough reflex if any solid objects pass the epiglottis.

Trachea

The trachea is sometimes called the windpipe. The trachea filters the air we breathe and branches into the bronchi.

The bronchi are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the lungs.

Diaphragm

      Breathing starts with a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs called the diaphragm. When you breathe in, the diaphragm expands. When you breathe out, the diaphragm contracts reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing.

 

WHAT DO YOU HAVE? IS WORTH SOMETHING.

APPRECIATE WHAT YOU HAVE

  This is one of the most touching Proverb that I have ever read, it is a Persia Proverb I first saw and heard about it on the television show, It  is funny I said to myself:

"I was crying because I didn't have any shoes to put on my feet and I was too poor to buy any, later as I walk down the street I met a man without feet..."

         The moral of this proverb simply tell us that no matter what we have we must appreciate what we have because we can always have less.  At the beginning I stop to think of people in Belize and places that I had visited and their condition of living . Many time we as human never realise what we have until we lose it, many might argue if you are rich you lose many thing without realising it including family and friends, however there is still misery in their hearts.

          It was for lunch one day, my mother had just finished cooking traditional Rice and beans Belizean style with the potato salad and fried plantain as usual my plate would have the leg of the chicken, that day I ask for a little more than usual. I thought I would be able to eat everything, soon I became full but still continued, I didn't why? I didn't stop. At that instant I began to cry, In my mind and heart the spirit of guilt and shame  infiltrated quickly. Many people in the world are dying of hunger every second and here I was wasting food moreover abusing of it, then sense of suicide  ambush my soul, I remember the picture I downloaded about months before, its posted on the side of this page. Then i realise that I was worthless human being that was not grateful for what he had. The person that loved life and people's well being was a fake, I smile and was always happy to make other happy were did that person go?

    
        The next day I tried my best to help and support my friends, the sense of guilt was still present, I decide to talk to a teacher, and I ask him " do you why God permits many people to died for not having food? " at that moment i blame God, as many of us do, we fine a solution to our mistake by blaming God or other. The teacher answer " God doesn't have the fault of this but he does have the solution, it is us that fail to seek him.

         Our friend play an important part of our life, but sometime we act or say things in such a way that we even terminate that great friendship, today on facebook I read a past student status it said " When someone is so sweet to you, Don't expect that they'll be like that  All the time... Because even the sweetest chocolate, Also EXPIRES"  I smiled and thought to myself, am I sure I am not that chocolate in the sentence? The following days after that incident with the food, I began to imply changes in my style of living I was more grateful of simple things and mindful of others. However, the philosophy of human nature doesn't allow us to be mindful of everyone, as the following quote suggests " enemies we know how to forgive them, but we never forget their names" sometime we mean to help and do good for others but deep down inside we are not humble enough to let go the past. 

    On my visit to Veracruz Mexico, I met a little girl that had nothing in her house but a simple bed and a table with some pots and containers but  no chairs, yet because I was a visitor wanted me to have a candy. In my mind " how is it that this child not having anything still gives to last she has to a stranger?" In return I smiled and took her to the store and bought her an apple, she said thanks ran to share with her little brother. My heart was moved and began to think of the innocence of this little child and how it compare to the society we are living in today. I posted a picture of her on the side of this post. So my dear friends, lets think twice when we do things, we never know what they person has or doesn't have. Is our life something worth of? Are the things we have are they worth something? At the end of the day appreciate everything you have and everyone around you because we could always lose them.

In conclusion ill share with you an African Proverb.

"Every morning in Africa, a gazelle wakes up. It knows it must run faster than the fastest lion or it will be killed.
Every morning a lion wakes up. It knows it must out run the slowest gazelle or it will starve to death.
It doesn't matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle. When the sun comes up, you better start running."
Lets us do our part in society.

How your body works Part 1

Digestion

Principle of Biology

 is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

The digestive system

The digestive system is mainly a long tube that runs from the mouth to the anus. This tube is called the gut or alimentary canal. The alimentary canal is associated with the organs of the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.

Digestion: Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

Food: is any solid, semi-solid, liquid which is broken down in the body to produce energy (ATP), nutrients, stimulate growth, and maintain life.

There are two forms of digestion:

1)      Physical digestion – this involves the mechanical process of chewing or mastication of food in the mouth and the churning due to backwards motion of the stomach

2)      Chemical digestion- this is the use of enzymes to break down the food into smaller particles that can be readily absorbed into the body.



Digestion in the mouth

-          Digestion begins in the mouth

-          This process begins with ingestion which is the placing of food in the mouth.

-          We use our teeth to bite, slice and grind food into smaller pieces.

-          Food is mix with saliva which contains enzyme called salivary amylase

-          Salivary amylase breaks down the starch chemically into simpler sugar such as maltose and glucose.

-          The tongue rolls the food into a ball called bolus, which is swallowed

-          The bolus enters the oesophagus and is push downward by peristalsis

-          Peristalsis which is a wave-like motion cause by contraction and relaxation of circular muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal The bolus is pushed down to the stomach

Swallowing
In leaving the mouth a bolus of food must cross the respiratory tract (trachea is anterior to oesophagus) by a complicated mechanism known as swallowing or deglutition which empties the mouth and ensures that food does not enter the windpipe.

Swallowing involves co-ordinate activity of tongue, soft palate, pharynx and oesophagus. The first phase is voluntary, food being forced into the pharynx by the tongue. After this the process is reflex. The tongue blocks the mouth, soft palate closes off the nose and the larynx rises so that the epiglottis closes off the trachea. Food thus moves into the pharynx and onwards by peristalsis aided by gravity. The esophagus is like a stretchy pipe that's about 10 inches (25 centimeters) long. It moves food from the back of your throat to your stomach.

Digestion in the stomach

       The stomach is like a mixer, churning and mashing together all the bolus into smaller pieces. The stomach has muscular wall that is lined with many gastric glands. These glands secrete gastric juices and a small amount of hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid kills most contaminating microorganisms and begins break down of some food, and chemical alteration of some. The hydrochloric acid has a low pH, which allows enzymes to work more efficiently. After some time (typically an hour or two in humans) , the resulting thick liquid is called chyme.

The gastric juices contain an enzyme, pepsin, which breaks protein in the food into smaller units called polypeptides. Pepsin works best in an acidic medium hence reason for HCl acid. The chyme is then passed from the stomach into the small intestine a little at a time. This process is regulated by a ring of muscle located at the base of the stomach called the pyloric sphincter.

Digestion in the small intestine

 The small intestine is a long that has three parts: the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum; this tube that's about 1½ inches to 2 inches (about 3.5 to 5 cm) around, and it's packed inside you beneath your stomach. If you stretched out an adult's small intestine, it would be about 22 feet long (6.7 meters). Unlike the stomach, the small intestine is alkaline since digestive juices released here cannot function under acidic conditions. As chyme enters the duodenum, pancreatic juices is secreted from the pancreas and bile release from the liver into the duodenum.

Pancreatic juice contains three enzymes:

1.      Trysin – this continues digestion of protein into polypeptides and also into even smaller units called amino acids

2.      Pancreatic amylase- this continues the digestion of starch which began in the mouth. Any starch that is still present is digested to maltose and glucose.

3.      Lipase – this begins the digestion of fats and oils into smaller units called fatty acid and glycerol.

     The bile from the liver is very alkaline and so it neutralizes the chyme. By the time the food reaches the ileum, most of the complex food substances have been broken down into very small particles. Enzymes released in the ileum complete the digestion process: The enzymes include maltase, lactase and sucrose.

Vitamins, minerals, and water in the food do not need to be broken down. In the ileum the process of absorption begins. The walls of the ileum are covered by finger- like projections called villi. The villi increase the surface area for absorption

Nutrients are absorbed easily because each villus is only one cell thick. Inside the villus is a network of many blood vessels and a central lymph vessel called the lacteal which transport fats to the liver.

The liver

This functions as a storage house for digested products and the conversion of excess products

1)      Excess glucose is converted to glycogen

2)      Minerals, need to make blood, as well as vitamin A,B and D, are stored until need

3)      Excess amino acids are converted into useful substance. The left of molecules are converted into urea to be excreted.

Large intestine:

Digestion and absorption have finished by the time the food bolus reaches the large intestine. All that is left is undigested food, including fibre or roughage, and some water. As this mixture pass along the colon, water is absorbed leaving behind a solid waste called faeces. This is stored in the rectum until it is eliminated or egested from the body via the anus. This process is called defecation.

This is a summary of Digestion in the Human Body. I tought this when I was teaching hopesfully this information can be use full. remember If used please remember to state reference http://pedrogarciaedubz.blogspot.com for this and many other topics.