Waves

4th form Physics Class


In physics, a wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space-time, accompanied by a transfer of energy. Wave motion transfers energy from one point to another, often with no permanent displacement of the particles of the medium—that is, with little or no associated mass transport. They consist, instead, of oscillations or vibrations around almost fixed locations. Waves are described by a wave equation which sets out how the disturbance proceeds over time. The mathematical form of this equation varies depending on the type of wave.

Waves are produced whenever vibrations (or oscillations) disturb a medium. A wave is a means of transferring energy (and information) between two points i.e. a wave is a travelling disturbance carrying energy from one place to another place. Waves may be Mechanical or electromagnetic.
Mechanical Waves are waves which propagate through a material medium (solid, liquid, or gas) at a wave speed which depends on the elastic and inertial properties of that medium. There are two basic types of wave motion for mechanical waves: longitudinal waves and transverse waves.
In a longitudinal wave the particle displacement is parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

In a transverse wave the particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

Jus an other day?

Im move to my new home south of Belize and its very nice and quiet, during my stay i've met many people that make my stay her feel much warmer what I mean is they make me feel are home they very friendly and will to help and are impress by the person I am here. well I met a young lady by the name of Meilin and she wrote a poem that I would like to share today then I will discuss on it a little more, she wrote it in Spanish.

Bello dia

Oh que bello dia

lleno de luz y vida

Cuando florecía el rocío

En las verdes pradera

Oh que bello dia 

lleno de color y resplendor

cuando fue creado por mi redentor

Santificando el Sabado para el Guardor

Oh que bello dia

lleno de coritos y silencio

cuando en el Cantar de los pajarillos

se escucha el latir de nuestro corazon

Oh que bello dia cuando no hay nada que nos detenga

 Meilin Tiul

Well this was the poem, written by this youth, I am glad that young people are using the talent God gave them instead of doing other things.

Teen Love

      Teen Love they say it never lasts- I'm not so sure if this is true but for most of what I have seen it is, many teens today are confuse with two almost similar thing, which walk side by side they are called teen love and infatuation. Many teens today are also hoping for someone in their lives to reach and comfort them waiting impatiently for their prince Charmin or princess barbie fail to see that " something good always comes for those who wait" However, almost do things that are not good because of desperation of not finding  someone the word "single" is a burden to them and the end result is not promising, my advice to those people never lose hope their is someone for everyone, and many times this person takes a while to reach.

     On the other hand many teen start experimenting with different people hoping to find their one true love, however, this end is much worst, many would lose their virginity to someone they thought was that  special someone failing to realise the great error in the making. blind with teen love and Passion they feel love first sting, and it hurts very badly. This can result in two path ways the first the person continues in the search for true love and the other path the person stop searching for love and starts playing with others feeling as an end result.But their is an even worst path were the girl accept anything from the boy that took away her purity and never wants to let go because of blind intuition of love the boy then can freely do whatever he wants and the girl would just accept, yet boy can be in the same position as a girl they are not limited, sometimes the girl can cheap, fight and do all kind of stuff and still the boy is bond to her.

        Boy in such situation have lose control and given much freedom to that girl and have to get out of that situation because the girl doesn't love you she only is obsess or infatuated and know that if she loses you she will not be able to get anyone else to give her comfort and that she can manipulate. Boys you will need help so you better start now because the end result could be nasty. On the other hand girls with this situation is much more easier you have to work it through alone and stand for yourself it might take a while but a girls courage is sometime bigger than the problems she is facing.
  Teen love its one of the sweetest feelings that exist and one of the most deadliest, but it all has to do with moderation, some teen love goes until adulthood and to death, a life long teen love which is great, unfortunately not all were meant to be, and teen fail to understand that, with this I'll give this quote I read some years ago

"God decides to place people in our , You decide who you let through, who pass by, and who you don't want to let go"

     All I can say many people pick their own destiny well we just need to accept and respect, I can give and write as much advice but at the end of the day you make the final decision. sometimes its better to be alone than with bad company, and please don't over do yourself in looking for love because as the quotes says " you pick, pick until you pick sh**!" please don't do that mistake. Girls that have lose their virginity to a no good boy there is still hope something called spiritual virginity this is for people that believe in God and He can make a difference in their life, for more information on this you can contact me. Love and infatuation youth be very careful with these two things, with this quote I'll leave you

before you speak -- listen

before you spend -- earn

before you quit --- try

before you pray--- believe

before you cry--- smile

before you lose hope--- love

before you die--- live

Crush

      Ever wonder why it's so difficult for a boy or  to confess his/her feelings for each other.Well that because the feeling is so deep that is bows the mind and heart of the participant, well that's exactly what happen in this true life story, many time the reality of love is felt but the result aren't always good. As I relate to you this story I will also tell key points that should be done. Before I get into the story let me share this quote I read sometime ago.

God is the one responsible to allow someone to go into your life, You are the one responsible to allow that person pass by, stay in your life, and You are the one that decide not to let go. 

The first time I saw her, she seemed very friendly so I offered my friendship, as the time when by we began to be more accustomed to each other. We would chat for hours and hours, I would tell her things of my life and she would listen to every word I say. Deep down inside of us something was growing, I didn't know for sure if I was falling in love or something, However, this girl was already taken, she had a boyfriend! that's one of the big problem in this time, sometimes we as human we want and want but their are restrictions, We must remember that, nevertheless I continued to go to her house with an excuse to see her sister which is a good friend to me, our meeting was more and more offend, One day we were left alone in the house and we are talking as usual this I got more closer and began to flirt with her, this was the first time I ever felt so nervous but we got up from the sofa and we hug each other as we always did before saying goodbye, only that this time as I kiss her on the cheek I moved to get closer to her lips. In my mind " what am I doing, this isn't going to work" but I continue and she responded back and later rejected my kiss, at that point I notice that she was up to the fun, but in her mind she knew it was wrong well because she already had a boyfriend, be we continue, at that point we are taking it as game meaning I was trying to kiss her and she pretend that she didn't want to, After that day we promise to mention what had happen to her family. These interactions were more and more often between us because I was starting to like it a lot. This came to an end when I had to go to San Pedro but would always go to her house for vacation or holidays, But the games were less often, as the time when by my heart could not take it anymore I had to tell her how I felt, but how could I do this now she had taken our friendship are sometime like family, even with me trying to kiss she, she took me are a brother or best friend. And this what really confuses girls but boys are even more confuse, well I took the initiative to go visit her, she was not at home so a waited patiently for her from a distance I saw her, that beautiful black hair, those juice lips, lovely breast, wonderful small hips, and the heart stopping smile, with a heart melting look, were heading right at me, how could not see her? my heart start beating faster I began to get nervous, but i stood up and went her way, however she was with another friend she was short and fun to be around and friendly and she wanted to ask me some question so I reach closer to her and her friend, As I walk my mind was working fast with the words I would say to her but as I came to her she quickly moved away I was shock, and I was wondering what was happening I want to go behind her But her friend was anxious to talk to me so did stay but not for long, while I was talking to her friend I look her way and I saw her looking at me with a flirty look then I knew that she was pretending that she wasn't talking to me, I felt relief, as soon as the friend went away I quickly drew all my attention to her, she look at me and said that I didn't want to talk to her, and I answer that's not true you are the one that walk away without talking and both of us smile and began to hug, I told her that I miss her and we continue hug and as if their was a very strong connection, we walk up to her house and talk for a couple of hours but still I had not confess my " love" for her, I felt for home and I still could tell her, as I was home I place in my mind and had the determination that I had to tell her, so I began texting and she responded, that when the intensity of things broke out, I texted her my feeling for her and that I would still  respect the relationship she had with her boyfriend, I know its was not brave for me to text her but sometime we need to do things that are more comfortable for us. She did text back and I didn't text again.
    At this point the story ends you can determine the end result, If you wish to know how it actual ends and what to do next If you are in a situation you can contact me. The whole essence of the story is many time we take long to speak out minds because of fear, failing to realise that everything has a consequence, whether we speak out or keep quiet, and girls with boyfriends are a little more difficult to gain, and many girls want only a friendship as brother or best friend, now this story is mainly for a male character however many girls pass through the same situation in life, however their control over emotion are much more easier to hide, but its not healthy to hide your feeling. I posted a reverse poem in Spanish on this page for you to enjoy.

  

Copa Centroamericana- Proud Belizean.

Belize Vs Honduras

Honduras v Belize UNCAF (The Unión Centroamericana de Fútbol)  Cup 2013 Semi Final Football Match will be held Tonight 25th -01- 2013 at San Jose, Costa Rica.
The Copa Centroamericana is an event that takes place every two years of association football tournament, held for the CONCACAF (The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football ) national teams of Central America: Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Panama.

      Honduras got two draws in their match with El Salvador and Panama and they qualify to semi-final matches in UNCAF Nations cup. I don't know much of football but in their game they didn't play very good, for those two draws they became Group B leader.
Belize on the other hand, of Group A had a battle to win when defeating Nicaragua with a score of 2-1. Many forecast a sure win for Belize at the end of 90 min.

       I was happy to see Belize and even hear the name Belize on television, I felt proud and joy to be a Belizean, as I watch the game I heard my neighbours screaming with joy at the end of the game. That night i felt so happy and I posted on facebook my Joy, soon to find out that hundreds of my friends were posting about the game, excitement fill the mind. I was proud to be a Belizean. If Belize wins it will be history and the streets will be filled with people, going out to celebrate the victory, with music and dance. what we would call Belizean style, If their is something belizean know to do it to Party. Especially If its an international event.
Let hope for the best, our team needs our support.

How Your body works Part 3

The circulatory system in humans

        This system consists mainly of: the heart, blood and blood vessel.

Circulatory System, or cardiovascular system, in humans, is the combined function of the heart, blood, and blood vessels to transport oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues throughout the body and carry away waste products. Among its vital functions, the circulatory system increases the flow of blood to meet increased energy demands during exercise and regulates body temperature. In addition, when foreign substances or organisms invade the body, the circulatory system swiftly conveys disease-fighting elements of the immune system, such as white blood cells and antibodies, to regions under attack. Also, in the case of injury or  bleeding, the circulatory system sends clotting cells and proteins to the affected site, which quickly stop bleeding and promote healing.

Blood vessel

The blood vessels are tubes through which the blood travels around the body. There are three types of blood vessels, the artery, the vein and capillary.

1. Artery: transport blood away from the heart. Blood leaving the heart is at high pressure so arteries have thick muscular and elastic walls to stop them bursting. The muscles in the walls stretch when the blood rushes into the artery from the heart.
2. Capillary: The capillaries have walls that are one cell thick. Blood flow through them needs to be constant and even as they are easily damaged. The very thin walls allow for the rapid exchange of materials between blood and the cells of the body. There are so many capillaries that they can close to every cell in the body. The capillaries join up to form larger and larger blood vessels which eventually becomes veins.

3.      Vein: Veins are wider tubes than arteries with thin walls that contain less muscle and elastic fibres. Body muscles that surround the veins squeeze them when they contract, such as the muscles in the leg when we walk. This help to push the blood along the vein. However, to make sure the blood only moves towards the heart, there are ‘one way’ valves along the walls of the veins.

All the blood vessels of the human body have a total length of 100,000 km (62,000 mi): they could encompass the Earth by 2.5 times.

The blood

• The blood consists of pale yellow liquid called plasma and cells (RBC and WBC).
• 55% blood Plasma
• 45%blood cells
• The plasma is about 90% water and 10% digested food (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol) , hormone, dissolve gasses O₂, mineral salts , vitamins, CO₂ (as bicarbonate ions)  and nitrogenous waste

There are  2 main types of blood cells

1)      Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - contain haemoglobin a red pigment containing iron, this is important for oxygen transportation in the blood. These cells have biconcave disc and have no nucleus .RBC are made in the bone marrow, the life span is up to 120 days then they are destroyed in the liver.

2)      White blood cells (leukocytes) - these are larger than RBC, contain a nucleus, don’t contain haemoglobin and are in smaller amount for every WBC there are 300 RBC. The main function is to defend the body against invading substance or organism.

Phagocytes –these engulf invading and digested organism inside of them (phagocytosis)

lymphocytes – these have antigen on the surface when and antigen is not recognize then they produce antibodies to destroy that substance or make them less harmful

Platelets – these are fragments used for blood to clot.

Blood types

Antigen -A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody

Antibodies- any of various proteins produced in the blood in response to the presence of an antigen.

	Donor’s blood type
Recipient’s blood type	A Antigen A	B Antigen B	AB Antigen  A and B	O No antigens
A antibody A anti-A	√	x	x	√
B anti- B	x	x	x	√
AB No antibodies	√	√	√	√
O antibody A and B	x	x	x	√

The “X” denotes cannot match and “√” denote proper matching of blood groups.  The person with O blood can donate blood to anyone therefore called universal donor this is because antibodies in the recipient’s blood have no antigens in the donor blood to react with. However person with AB blood type can receive blood from people with any blood group therefore called universal recipient s b/c they do not contain any antibody to react with antigen of the other blood type. 

The heart

The heart is divided into two parts the right and left sides made up of myocardium or cardiac muscles; this is separated by a layer of muscle called the septum.

The heart has four chambers:

The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle.

The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs, where it is loaded with oxygen.

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

The left ventricle (the strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create our blood pressure.

§  Cardiac Muscles—Contracts without fatigue

• Valve tendons—supports valves
• Tricuspid/bicuspid—prevents back flowing of blood
• Pulmonary Artery—carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
• Pulmonary vein—returns oxygenated blood from the lungs.
• Aorta—Carries oxygenated blood from the heart

How Your body works Part 2

The Respiratory system

 

Respiration ≠ breathing

 

Respiration- The breaking down of food with the use of oxygen

Breathing - is the taking in of oxygen by the nose and mouth into the lungs

      The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood.

Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx (where speech sounds are produced) and the trachea which is a tube that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial (bronchioles) tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adults' lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries.

Inhale and exhale air

The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood (oxygenated). Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood (deoxygenated) from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale.

The air we breathe in is a mixture of gases. The main gases found in the air are nitrogen (78%), oxygen(21% ), and nobles gases (about 1%), Carbon dioxide (0.03%)

When air from the atmosphere is taken into out lungs, we absorb the oxygen need by the body and get rid of waste carbon dioxide. We lose water vapour from the water  that lines the surface of the lungs

Gases	% in inhaled air	% in exhaled air
Oxygen	21	16
Carbon dioxide	0.03	4
nitrogen	78	78
Nobles gases	About 1	About 1
Water vapour	A little	A lot
heat	Room temp.	Body temp.

 The structure of the alveoli and gaseous exchange

 The alveoli are little sacs that are bunched together like grapes. They are covered with a network of blood capillaries. The blood entering the capillaries are coming from the body (deoxygenated blood) has high concentration of CO₂. Oxygen is in higher concentration inside the alveoli than in the blood, so it diffuses into the blood. CO₂ then diffuses out of the blood into alveoli. This air is exhaled and replace with fresh air when we inhale, to maintain the concentration gradients of the gases across the lung surface.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTMYSGXhJ4E 

Structures and functions of the respiratory system

Mouth, nose & nasal cavity: The function of this part of the system is to warm, filter and moisten the incoming air

Pharynx: Here the throat divides into the trachea (wind pipe) and oesophagus (food pipe). There is also a small flap of cartilage called the epiglottis which prevents food from entering the trachea

Larynx: This is also known as the voice box as it is where sound is generated. It also helps protect the trachea by producing a strong cough reflex if any solid objects pass the epiglottis.

Trachea

The trachea is sometimes called the windpipe. The trachea filters the air we breathe and branches into the bronchi.

The bronchi are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the lungs.

Diaphragm

      Breathing starts with a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs called the diaphragm. When you breathe in, the diaphragm expands. When you breathe out, the diaphragm contracts reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing.